The Architecture of Existence: A Comparative Analysis of Religious Cosmologies and Modern Physical Science
Introduction: The Intersection of Two Magisteria
The quest to understand the origin, structure, and ultimate fate of the universe constitutes the oldest and most enduring intellectual enterprise of humanity. For millennia, this pursuit was the exclusive domain of theology and metaphysics, codified in the sacred texts of the world’s major religious traditions. These narratives provided not merely a sequence of creative events but a framework of meaning, situating human existence within a purposeful cosmos. However, the rise of empirical science—specifically the disciplines of astrophysics, quantum mechanics, and cosmology—has constructed a rigorous, mathematically descriptive model of the universe that challenges, corroborates, and complicates these ancient worldviews.
The relationship between these two domains—often termed "magisteria"—has historically been characterized by simplistic narratives of conflict or concordism. Yet, a nuanced analysis reveals a far more complex topography. As modern physics probes the limits of the observable universe, encountering singularities, quantum indeterminacy, and the perplexities of dark energy, it frequently encroaches upon metaphysical territory previously mapped by theologians. Conversely, religious cosmologies, often dismissed as pre-scientific myth, are being re-examined for their philosophical robustness in light of concepts like the multiverse, cyclical time, and the non-material foundations of reality.
This report provides an exhaustive examination of the physical properties of the universe as described by the major world religions—Abrahamic (Judaism, Christianity, Islam), Dharmic (Hinduism, Buddhism), and East Asian (Taoism)—and juxtaposes these doctrines with the latest findings of contemporary scientific research. It explores the tensions and resonances regarding the genesis of spacetime, the architecture of matter and dimensions, the nature of causality, and the eschatological fate of the cosmos. By synthesizing theological hermeneutics with frontier physics, this analysis elucidates how humanity attempts to comprehend a reality that is at once mathematically precise and profoundly mysterious.
Part I: The Genesis of Spacetime – Origins and Temporality
The most fundamental cosmological question concerns the origin of the universe: Did it have a distinct beginning, or has it existed eternally? This dichotomy forms the primary fault line between the linear cosmologies of the West and the cyclical cosmologies of the East, a divide that modern physics has navigated with shifting theories from the Steady State to the Big Bang and, more recently, to Quantum Cosmology.
1.1 The Singular Beginning: Creatio Ex Nihilo and the Big Bang
The Abrahamic traditions differ sharply from ancient Greek philosophy and Eastern thought by asserting a definitive, absolute beginning to existence. This concept, known as Creatio Ex Nihilo (creation out of nothing), posits that the universe is not a rearrangement of pre-existing chaotic matter but a sovereign act of divine will that brought being from non-being.
1.1.1 The Theological Doctrine of Absolute Origins
In Jewish, Christian, and Islamic theology, the universe is contingent. It does not exist by necessity; it exists only because a Creator chose to actualize it.
Judaism and Christianity: The opening statement of the Hebrew Bible, "In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth" (Genesis 1:1), laid the groundwork for linear time. Early Church Fathers, such as Theophilus of Antioch in the second century, rigorously defended Creatio Ex Nihilo against Platonist views of co-eternal matter.1 They argued that if God formed the universe from pre-existing matter, He would be merely a demiurge or architect, not a sovereign Creator.1 St. Augustine further refined this by arguing that time itself is a creature; thus, there was no "before" creation in a temporal sense, an insight that remarkably anticipates the spacetime manifolds of General Relativity.1
Islam: The Quranic perspective reinforces this absolute origination. God is described as the Badi (Originator) of the heavens and the earth (Quran 2:117), implying creation without a prior model or material.2 The concept of Kun Faya Kun ("Be, and it is") emphasizes the instantaneous and volitional nature of creation, distinct from naturalistic emanation or causality.3
1.1.2 The Scientific Consensus: From Static to Dynamic
For centuries, the scientific consensus favored a static, eternal universe, a view held by Isaac Newton and later formalized in the Steady State theory. This model avoided the metaphysical "problem" of a beginning. However, the 20th century witnessed a paradigm shift initiated by the observation of galactic redshifts and the theoretical work of Georges Lemaître, a Belgian priest and physicist.4
The Big Bang Singularity: The prevailing scientific model, Lambda-CDM (CDM), posits that the universe expanded from an initial singularity—a point of infinite density and temperature—approximately 13.8 billion years ago.5 This model is supported by three pillars of evidence: the recession of galaxies (Hubble’s Law), the abundance of light elements (Big Bang Nucleosynthesis), and the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation.6
The Thermodynamic Arrow: The Second Law of Thermodynamics, which dictates that entropy (disorder) increases over time, implies that the universe must have started in a state of extremely low entropy (high order). If the universe were eternal, it would have reached maximum entropy (Heat Death) infinite years ago. Thus, thermodynamics physically necessitates a beginning.4
1.1.3 Convergence and Conflict: The "Nothing" Problem
While the Big Bang appears to vindicate Creatio Ex Nihilo, the "concordist" approach—mapping Genesis directly onto the Big Bang—faces significant ontological challenges.
The Nature of the Singularity: Standard cosmology traces the universe back to the Planck Epoch ( seconds), where classical physics breaks down. This initial state is not "nothing" in the theological sense; it is a physical state of extreme density.5
Quantum Vacuum vs. Nihil: Modern theories often attribute the universe's origin to quantum fluctuations within a vacuum field. Theologians argue that a quantum vacuum—governed by physical laws and containing potential energy—is actually "something," not the absolute nihil of theology. Therefore, while science describes the evolution of the universe from a primordial state, it does not strictly describe the origin of existence itself.1
Zero Energy Hypothesis: Some physicists propose that the total energy of the universe is zero (positive matter energy cancels out negative gravitational energy). This allows for the universe to spontaneously appear from "nothing" (quantum tunneling) without violating conservation laws. Theologians counter that the laws of physics themselves (the framework allowing tunneling) require an origin, maintaining the necessity of a Creator.1
1.2 The Cyclical Cosmos: Dharmic Perspectives and Quantum Bounces
In contrast to the linear timeline of the West, the Dharmic traditions of India envision a universe of colossal timescales and infinite repetition. These cosmologies, once viewed as purely mythological, have found new resonance in quantum gravity models that challenge the singularity of the Big Bang.
1.2.1 Hindu Cosmology: The Pulsating Universe
Hindu texts, specifically the Puranas, describe time as cyclical (Kalachakra). The universe is not a unique event but one of an infinite series.
Scales of Time: A single cycle of creation and dissolution constitutes a "Day of Brahma" (Kalpa), lasting 4.32 billion years—a figure strikingly similar to the current scientific estimate of the age of the Earth (4.54 billion years).8
Creation and Dissolution: The universe manifests (Srishti), is sustained (Sthiti), and is ultimately dissolved (Pralaya) into a dormant state before re-emerging. This cycle is driven by the rhythmic "breathing" of Maha-Vishnu, where universes emerge from his pores like bubbles in a cosmic ocean.8
Philosophical Implication: There is no absolute "first" beginning; existence is eternal, but its physical manifestation is periodic. This avoids the philosophical problem of "what came before God created," as the process is beginningless (Anadi).10
1.2.2 Buddhist Cosmology: Dependent Origination
Buddhism rejects the notion of a creator deity and an absolute beginning. Existence is driven by Pratītyasamutpāda (Dependent Origination), a web of causality where every state arises dependent on a previous state.11
World Systems: Buddhist texts describe the "Great Thousand World Systems" (universes) that undergo cycles of evolution (vivatta) and contraction (samvatta). This cosmology implies a multiverse of infinite extent in both space and time.12
Emptiness of Origin: Since all phenomena are empty of intrinsic nature (Sunyata) and arise only in relation to causes, searching for a "First Cause" is considered a metaphysical error. The universe exists as a flux of causal interactions, not as a created object.13
1.2.3 Scientific Resonance: Loop Quantum Cosmology and the Big Bounce
The most significant scientific parallel to Dharmic cosmology comes from Loop Quantum Cosmology (LQC), a theoretical application of Loop Quantum Gravity.
Resolution of the Singularity: LQC predicts that at the Planck scale, the structure of spacetime becomes discrete (quantized). In this regime, gravity switches from being attractive to repulsive. Consequently, a collapsing universe would not crush into a singularity but would "bounce" back out.15
The Big Bounce: This model suggests that our Big Bang was actually a Big Bounce resulting from the collapse of a previous universe. This implies an eternal, oscillatory universe without a true beginning, mirroring the Kalpas of Hinduism and the oscillatory systems of Buddhism.16
Penrose’s Cyclic Cosmology: Nobel laureate Roger Penrose has also proposed Conformal Cyclic Cosmology (CCC), where the heat death of one aeon becomes the Big Bang of the next, driven by the geometric properties of entropy and spacetime boundaries.14
1.3 Comparative Analysis of Origins
Part II: The Architecture of Reality – Space, Matter, and Dimensions
Religious texts are replete with descriptions of the structure of the cosmos—layered heavens, elemental compositions, and vast voids. While pre-modern interpretations were often literal and geocentric, contemporary theological analysis seeks topological and dimensional parallels with modern physics.
2.1 The Topology of the Heavens: Firmaments and Dimensions
2.1.1 The Biblical Raqia and the Nature of Space
Genesis 1:6-8 describes the creation of a Raqia ("firmament" or "expanse") to separate waters.
Historical Interpretation: Ancient Near Eastern cosmology viewed this as a solid, crystalline dome holding back cosmic waters. This view, common in Babylonian and Egyptian myths, was shared by the ancient Hebrews.18
Modern Hermeneutics: Contemporary evangelical scholars and scientists often interpret Raqia as the atmosphere or, more broadly, interstellar space. Some argue for a "phenomenological" reading—the text describes the sky as it appears to a human observer, not its physical constitution. Others suggest the "waters above" refer to the opacity of the early universe or dark matter clouds, though these are retro-fitted concordist interpretations.20
Theological Function: The primary function of the Raqia in the text is not scientific but liturgical: it creates a structured, habitable space (cosmos) out of uninhabitable chaos, reflecting order and divine sovereignty.22
2.1.2 Islamic Cosmology: The Seven Heavens and Multidimensionality
The Quran describes the creation of "seven heavens" (sab'a samawat) in layers (Quran 67:3).
Classical View: Medieval Islamic astronomers often mapped these seven heavens to the concentric orbits of the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, following Ptolemaic geocentrism.23
Modern Physical Interpretations: With the collapse of geocentrism, modern Islamic scholars have reinterpreted the seven heavens as distinct cosmic systems or dimensions. Some physicists draw parallels with String Theory (M-theory), which mathematically requires 10 or 11 dimensions for consistency (spatial dimensions compactified into Calabi-Yau manifolds).24
The Multiverse: The reference to "seven earths" in the Quran (65:12) has been cited by some as an early indication of a Multiverse. A tradition attributed to Ibn Abbas states, "In every earth there is a prophet like your Prophet, an Adam like your Adam," suggesting parallel realities.25 While speculative, this demonstrates the theological capacity to accommodate the concept of multiple distinct physical domains or universes.
2.1.3 The Jewish Concept of Tzimtzum and Cosmic Expansion
Lurianic Kabbalah introduces the concept of Tzimtzum—the idea that the infinite God (Ein Sof) had to "contract" or withdraw His light to create a "vacated space" (Chalal Panui) for the finite universe to exist.
Scientific Parallel: This contraction and subsequent "beaming" of a ray of light into the void has been compared by Jewish physicists to the Big Bang singularity and expansion. The Shevirat HaKelim (Shattering of the Vessels) describes the initial instability of creation, scattering "sparks" of holiness throughout matter, which parallels the entropic dispersion of energy and the formation of matter from high-energy states.26
Information Theory: Recent interpretations link Tzimtzum to Information Theory and Black Hole physics. The "withdrawal" is seen as a restriction of divine information to allow for independent physical laws, paralleling the "holographic principle" where information is encoded on the boundary of space.28
2.2 The Composition of Reality: Elements and Quantum Fields
2.2.1 Hindu Akasha and the Quantum Vacuum
Hindu cosmology identifies Akasha (Space/Ether) as the fifth and most subtle of the Pancha Bhuta (five elements). It is the substrate for the other four (Air, Fire, Water, Earth) and the medium of sound/vibration.9
The Aether Returned: Classical physics discarded the "luminiferous aether" after the Michelson-Morley experiment. However, quantum mechanics reintroduced the concept of the Quantum Vacuum—a field that is not empty but seething with virtual particles and zero-point energy.
Scientific Convergence: Physicists like E.C.G. Sudarshan have explicitly compared Akasha to the superfluid vacuum state or the Higgs field—an omnipresent medium that gives mass and structure to matter.30 The description of Akasha as the "womb" of the elements aligns with Quantum Field Theory, where particles are merely excitations of underlying fields.
2.2.2 Taoist Wuji, Yin-Yang, and Antimatter
Taoist cosmogony traces reality from Wuji (Limitless Void) to Taiji (Supreme Polarity), differentiating into Yin and Yang.
Symmetry Breaking: This differentiation mirrors the physical concept of Symmetry Breaking in the early universe, where a unified force separated into distinct forces (gravity, electromagnetism, nuclear).
Matter-Antimatter Symmetry: The fundamental duality of Yin and Yang has been likened to the symmetry between matter and antimatter (e.g., electron and positron). Just as Yin and Yang define each other and can return to the void, particle-antiparticle pairs pop out of the vacuum and annihilate back into energy.31
The Vacuum: The Taoist concept that "being comes from non-being" (Tao Te Ching) finds a literal physical counterpart in the emergence of the universe from the quantum vacuum.32
2.2.3 Buddhist Sunyata and Quantum Entanglement
Mahayana Buddhism teaches Sunyata (Emptiness)—the idea that objects have no intrinsic, independent existence (Svabhava) but exist only through relationships.
Quantum Non-Separability: This radically relational ontology is supported by Quantum Entanglement. In quantum mechanics, entangled particles share a single wavefunction; measuring one instantaneously affects the other, regardless of distance. This implies that "separation" is an illusion at the fundamental level.14
Relational Quantum Mechanics: Interpretations like Carlo Rovelli’s Relational Quantum Mechanics argue that properties (like position or color) do not belong to objects but are realized only in interaction. This is scientifically indistinguishable from the Buddhist doctrine of Dependent Origination (Pratītyasamutpāda).13
Part III: Causality, Determinism, and Divine Action
The transition from the mechanistic physics of Newton to the probabilistic physics of Bohr and Heisenberg has profoundly altered the dialogue on how God or metaphysical forces interact with the material world.
3.1 The Collapse of Determinism
Newtonian physics depicted a "Clockwork Universe"—rigid, deterministic, and closed. If God acted in such a world, He would have to "break" physical laws (miracles as violations).
The Quantum Revolution: Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle proved that at the fundamental level, nature is probabilistic, not deterministic. An electron's position is a cloud of probability, not a fixed point.3
Non-Interventionist Objective Divine Action (NIODA): Theologians Robert John Russell and John Polkinghorne have utilized this "ontological indeterminacy" to propose that God can act in the world without violating physical laws. By determining the outcome of quantum events (collapsing the wave function), God can influence the macroscopic world (e.g., a genetic mutation driving evolution) while remaining scientifically undetectable. This model preserves both physical law and divine providence.33
3.2 Islamic Occasionalism and Quantum Measurement
Long before quantum mechanics, Islamic theologians (Ash'arite school) developed a theory of "Occasionalism" (or Atomism).
Al-Ghazali’s Critique: Al-Ghazali argued that there is no necessary causal link between fire and burning; God creates the burning at the occasion of the contact. This denies intrinsic causality in matter.35
Scientific Parallel: This view is strikingly similar to the Copenhagen Interpretation of quantum mechanics, where there are no "hidden variables" inside the particle determining the outcome. The state is realized only at the moment of observation (or divine actualization). Thus, the scientific law is merely the "habit" of how events usually correlate, not a logical necessity.37
3.3 Karma and Physical Laws
In Dharmic traditions, Karma is the moral law of cause and effect.
Natural Law: Karma is often described not as divine judgment but as a natural law (Rta) akin to gravity. It operates autonomously.
Chaos Theory: The mechanism of Karma—where small actions ripple out to have vast consequences—resonates with Chaos Theory (the Butterfly Effect). In non-linear dynamic systems, minute changes in initial conditions lead to vastly different outcomes, providing a physical model for how subtle moral actions could reshape a destiny.38
Information Storage: Some modern theorists speculate on where Karmic "data" is stored, proposing the Akashic field or quantum vacuum as a repository of information that survives death, similar to the conservation of information in physics.30
Part IV: The Anthropic Principle and Fine-Tuning
Perhaps the most potent area of convergence in modern cosmology is the "Fine-Tuning" of the universe—the observation that the fundamental laws of physics are precisely balanced to permit the existence of life.
4.1 The Scientific Data: A Universe on a Knife-Edge
Astrophysics has identified dozens of constants that, if altered by a fraction of a percent, would render the universe uninhabitable.2
Gravity (): If weaker, stars would not ignite. If stronger, they would burn out in millions, not billions, of years, preventing evolution.
Strong Nuclear Force: A 2% increase would bind all protons into diprotons, preventing the formation of hydrogen (the fuel of stars). A 5% decrease would prevent the formation of elements heavier than hydrogen.2
Cosmological Constant (): The energy density of space is Planck units. If it were slightly larger, the universe would have expanded too rapidly for galaxies to form; if smaller, it would have collapsed immediately. This degree of precision is unexplained by standard physics.41
4.2 The Teleological Interpretation
Theistic traditions interpret this fine-tuning as evidence of purposeful design.
Argument from Design: Philosophers like Richard Swinburne and William Lane Craig argue that the probability of such a universe arising by chance is vanishingly small. Therefore, the most rational explanation is a Transcendent Mind.39
Scriptural Resonance: This view resonates with texts describing wisdom in creation, such as "He created everything and determined it with precise determination" (Quran 25:2) or the biblical descriptions of God "measuring" the waters and heavens (Isaiah 40:12).25
4.3 The Multiverse Response and the String Landscape
To explain fine-tuning without invoking a deity, many physicists rely on the Multiverse.
String Theory Landscape: Leonard Susskind and others propose that String Theory allows for different vacuum states (different laws of physics). Eternal Inflation generates an infinite number of "pocket universes," exploring this landscape.43
Anthropic Selection: In this model, we observe a fine-tuned universe not because it was designed, but because we could not exist in the vast majority of universes that aren't fine-tuned. We are winners of a cosmic lottery. This is known as the "Weak Anthropic Principle".43
The Inverse Gambler’s Fallacy: Critics (both philosophical and scientific) argue that the Multiverse commits the "Inverse Gambler's Fallacy." Observing a rare result (life) does not imply that many trials (universes) must have occurred; it only implies that this trial was successful. Furthermore, the Multiverse itself requires a "generator" (inflationary mechanism) that must be fine-tuned to produce universes, merely pushing the design problem back one step.46
Table 1: Comparative Explanations for Cosmic Fine-Tuning
Part V: Eschatology – The Ultimate Fate of the Cosmos
Just as religions and science converge on the question of origins, they both offer distinct predictions for the end of the universe. Here, the tension between the physical laws of decay and the theological promise of renewal is most acute.
5.1 The Scientific Fate: Thermodynamics and Dark Energy
Physical eschatology is governed by the Second Law of Thermodynamics and the nature of Dark Energy.
The Heat Death (Big Freeze): If the universe continues to expand (as indicated by the cosmological constant), entropy will increase until all energy is uniformly distributed. Stars will die, black holes will evaporate via Hawking radiation, and the universe will become a cold, dark void. This is the standard consensus view.48
The Big Rip: If Dark Energy is "phantom energy" (), its repulsive force will grow until it tears apart galaxies, stars, and finally atoms themselves.50
The Big Crunch: If the expansion reverses, the universe will collapse into a singularity. Recent data from the DESI (Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument) collaboration (2024-2025) suggests that Dark Energy may be evolving (weakening). If confirmed, this reopens the possibility of a Big Crunch, where the universe collapses in a "fiery implosion" rather than fading into ice.41
5.2 Religious Eschatology: Judgment, Renewal, and Cycles
5.2.1 Abrahamic: The "New Creation" and the Defeat of Entropy
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam envision a catastrophic end to the current order, followed by a physical renewal.
The Problem of Entropy: The Christian concept of an eternal "New Heaven and New Earth" seems to violate the Second Law of Thermodynamics, which dictates inevitable decay.
Theological Resolution: Theologians argue that the Resurrection of Jesus represents the inauguration of a new physical reality where entropy is "repealed." The "bondage of corruption" (Romans 8:21) is broken, implying a fundamental change in the laws of physics by the Creator. The "New Earth" is not merely a restoration of Eden but a transformation into a state of imperishable matter.53
Quranic Big Crunch: The Quran contains striking imagery that parallels the Big Crunch scenario. Quran 21:104 states: "The Day when We shall roll up the heavens as a recorder rolls up a written scroll. As We began the first creation, We shall repeat it." This "rolling up" is interpreted by some modern Islamic scholars as the reversal of the expansion and the collapse of spacetime.54
5.2.2 Buddhist: The Sermon of the Seven Suns
The Buddha's Sattasūriya Sutta ("Sermon of the Seven Suns") describes the destruction of the world through intense heat.
Solar Evolution: The sermon describes a time when rain ceases, and second, third, and eventually seven suns appear, causing the oceans to boil and the mountains to burn. This narrative bears a remarkable resemblance to the scientific prediction of the Sun’s Red Giant Phase. In approximately 5 billion years, the Sun will expand, its luminosity increasing drastically, eventually engulfing the inner planets and boiling Earth's oceans.55
Cyclicality: Crucially, this destruction is not absolute. It marks the end of a world cycle, which will be followed by a new evolution, aligning with the "Big Bounce" models of physics.57
5.3 Comparative Eschatology
Conclusion: The God of the Ground and the Open Universe
The comparison of religious cosmologies and scientific research reveals a landscape far more intricate than simple conflict. While literal interpretations of ancient texts (e.g., Young Earth Creationism) remain in direct conflict with established geology and cosmology, the broader theological and philosophical traditions show profound points of resonance with frontier physics.
On Origins: The tension between the Big Bang (Linear) and Loop Quantum Cosmology (Cyclical) precisely mirrors the ancient theological divide between Abrahamic (Creation) and Dharmic (Samsara) views. Science has not solved this debate; it has transposed it into the language of mathematics.
On Structure: The solid "firmaments" of antiquity have dissolved, but the religious intuition of a multi-layered, non-material reality finds a surprising echo in String Theory's extra dimensions and the Quantum Vacuum.
On Agency: The death of Newtonian determinism has reopened the door for Divine Action. The universe is now understood as "ontologically open"—a system where the outcome is not rigid but participatory, allowing space for Free Will, Karma, or Providence to operate within the "grain" of physical law.
On Purpose: The Fine-Tuning of the cosmos has brought Teleology back into the heart of physics. Whether one chooses the Multiverse or the Creator as the explanation, the universe is undeniable "special"—structured in a way that allows for the emergence of consciousness.
Ultimately, both magisteria agree on the fundamental nature of the universe: it is not a static, barren machine, but a dynamic, evolving, and deeply interconnected reality. As physicist Werner Heisenberg noted, "The first gulp from the glass of natural sciences will turn you into an atheist, but at the bottom of the glass God is waiting for you." The dialogue between these fields suggests that we are still very much in the middle of the glass.
Works cited
Creatio ex Nihilo: Theology versus (?) Physics - Catholic Stand, accessed February 17, 2026, https://catholicstand.com/creatio-ex-nihilo-theology-versus-physics/
Religion and Science (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy), accessed February 17, 2026, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/religion-science/
Creation Ex Nihilo - Reasons to Believe, accessed February 17, 2026, https://reasons.org/explore/publications/rtb-101/creation-ex-nihilo
Cosmology and Religion | Kragh | Encyclopedia of the History of ..., accessed February 17, 2026, https://ethos.lps.library.cmu.edu/article/id/39/
Big Bang - Wikipedia, accessed February 17, 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang
Overview - NASA Science, accessed February 17, 2026, https://science.nasa.gov/universe/overview/
Do the Laws of Thermodynamics Resonate with Biblical Truth? - Reasons to Believe, accessed February 17, 2026, https://reasons.org/explore/blogs/voices/do-the-laws-of-thermodynamics-resonate-with-biblical-truth
(PDF) The Millenniums and Beyond: Holy Quranic Articulation of Four Dimensions and Beyond - ResearchGate, accessed February 17, 2026, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/395115938_The_Millenniums_and_Beyond_Holy_Quranic_Articulation_of_Four_Dimensions_and_Beyond
Hindu cosmology - Wikipedia, accessed February 17, 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_cosmology
The Concept Of The Law Of Karma And Its Ethical Implications In Present Society - RJPN, accessed February 17, 2026, https://www.rjpn.org/ijcspub/papers/IJCSP25B1127.pdf
Is dependent origination the same as the mainstream scientific materialist explanation? : r/Buddhism - Reddit, accessed February 17, 2026, https://www.reddit.com/r/Buddhism/comments/13qgaqx/is_dependent_origination_the_same_as_the/
Buddhist cosmology - Wikipedia, accessed February 17, 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology
Can Quantum Physics Explain the Buddhist Concept of Emptiness ..., accessed February 17, 2026, https://medium.com/@jkowall031/can-quantum-physics-explain-the-buddhist-concept-of-emptiness-9e150d94d315
(PDF) Two aspects of Śūnyatā in quantum physics : relativity of ..., accessed February 17, 2026, https://www.academia.edu/39194643/Two_aspects_of_%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81_in_quantum_physics_relativity_of_properties_and_quantum_non_separability
Loop quantum cosmology may explain smoothness of cosmic ..., accessed February 17, 2026, https://physicsworld.com/a/loop-quantum-cosmology-may-explain-smoothness-of-cosmic-microwave-background/
Universe | Special Issue : Advances in Loop Quantum Cosmology - MDPI, accessed February 17, 2026, https://www.mdpi.com/journal/universe/special_issues/LQC
Big Bounce - Wikipedia, accessed February 17, 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bounce
The Firmament: What Did God Create on Day 2? | Answers Research Journal, accessed February 17, 2026, https://answersresearchjournal.org/firmament-what-did-god-create-day-2/
Firmament or Expanse? Two Ways to Interpret Genesis 1:6 - Logos Bible Software, accessed February 17, 2026, https://www.logos.com/grow/hall-firmament/
Thoughts on the rāqîa' and a Possible Explanation for the Cosmic Microwave Background, accessed February 17, 2026, https://answersresearchjournal.org/raqia-cosmic-microwave-background/
The Cosmos Created in Genesis 1, accessed February 17, 2026, https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/13/01/99/130199042270579558758569041751401742802/The_Cosmos_Created_in_Genesis_1.pdf
Modern Astronomy, the Bible, and Creation - UC Berkeley ..., accessed February 17, 2026, https://w.astro.berkeley.edu/~kalas/ethics/documents/coi/Modern%20Astronomy,%20the%20Bible,%20and%20Creation.pdf
Cosmographical Diagrams - The History of Cartography, Volume 2, Book 1: Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies, accessed February 17, 2026, https://press.uchicago.edu/books/hoc/HOC_V2_B1/HOC_VOLUME2_Book1_chapter3.pdf
The Geometry of the Universe: Explaining Calabi-Yau Manifolds to a Lay Audience, accessed February 17, 2026, https://stevenmilanese.com/blog/the-geometry-of-the-universe-explaining-calabi-yau-manifolds-to-a-lay-audience
Ibn Abbas and NASA's Discovery of New Worlds – Studio - Al-Madina Institute, accessed February 17, 2026, https://www.almadina.org/studio/articles/ibn-abbas-and-nasas-discovery-of-new-worlds
Creation Impossible - What is tzimtzum like? - Chabad.org, accessed February 17, 2026, https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/2298270/jewish/Creation-Impossible.htm
Kabbalah, Science and the Creation of the Universe - Jewish Action, accessed February 17, 2026, https://jewishaction.com/science-technology/kabbalah-science-creation-universe/
Why the Big Bang Singularity does not Help the Kal¯am Cosmological Argument for Theism - PhilSci-Archive, accessed February 17, 2026, https://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/3496/1/SingularityTheism.pdf
Kabbalah and informational black holes in Creation | The Jerusalem Post, accessed February 17, 2026, https://www.jpost.com/kabbalah/in-the-beginning-he-created-or-an-informational-black-hole-645438
Space as the Panchamahabhuta of Akasha and its echo in Modern ..., accessed February 17, 2026, https://scienceindiamag.in/space-as-the-panchamahabhuta-of-akasha-and-its-echo-in-modern-science/
The Duality of Yin-Yang in Quantum Mechanics: A Philosophical and Scientific Analysis, accessed February 17, 2026, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/392834418_The_Duality_of_Yin-Yang_in_Quantum_Mechanics_A_Philosophical_and_Scientific_Analysis
Intrinsic Property, Quantum vacuum and Shunyata - eSamskriti, accessed February 17, 2026, https://www.esamskriti.com/e/Spirituality/Science-ad-Indian-Wisdom/Intrinsic-Property,-Quantum-vacuum-and-Shunyata-1.aspx
God and the Quantum Universe: Exploring Divine Action through ..., accessed February 17, 2026, https://thequran.love/2025/03/10/13154/
Does God Act in the Quantum World? A Critical Engagement with ..., accessed February 17, 2026, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14746700.2022.2155914
Causality and Divine Action: the Islamic Perspective - ghazali.org, accessed February 17, 2026, https://www.ghazali.org/articles/kamali.htm
Causation and Order in Islamic Kalam - ResearchGate, accessed February 17, 2026, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337682549_Causation_and_Order_in_Islamic_Kalam
Philosophy of Science and Al-Ghazali's Conception of Causality Philosophical Analysis By Mashhad Al-Allaf, accessed February 17, 2026, http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ma/works/ma-gz-ps.pdf
Karma as a Natural Law: A Systematic Interaction between Deterministic Elements and Degrees of Freedom - RSIS International, accessed February 17, 2026, https://rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/articles/karma-as-a-natural-law-a-systematic-interaction-between-deterministic-elements-and-degrees-of-freedom/
How do Christian advocates of the Fine Tuning argument for God's existence address the objection posed by the Anthropic Principle?, accessed February 17, 2026, https://christianity.stackexchange.com/questions/100811/how-do-christian-advocates-of-the-fine-tuning-argument-for-gods-existence-addre
Anthropic principle - Wikipedia, accessed February 17, 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropic_principle
Everyone wants something better than ΛCDM | PNAS, accessed February 17, 2026, https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2526436123
The Fine-Tuning Argument and Its Cultured Despisers - Evolution News, accessed February 17, 2026, https://scienceandculture.com/2026/02/the-fine-tuning-argument-and-its-cultured-despisers/
A Universe Tuned for Life | American Scientist, accessed February 17, 2026, https://www.americanscientist.org/article/a-universe-tuned-for-life
The String Theory Landscape | Stanford Report, accessed February 17, 2026, https://news.stanford.edu/stories/2018/09/string-theory-landscape
Life in a landscape of possibilities - Physics World, accessed February 17, 2026, https://physicsworld.com/a/life-in-a-landscape-of-possibilities/
Is the fine-tuning evidence for a multiverse? - PMC, accessed February 17, 2026, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11189337/
What is the response to this criticism of the fine-tuning argument? - Philosophy Stack Exchange, accessed February 17, 2026, https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/81380/what-is-the-response-to-this-criticism-of-the-fine-tuning-argument
Ultimate fate of the universe - Wikipedia, accessed February 17, 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe
The Beginning to the End of the Universe: The Big Crunch vs. The Big Freeze - Astronomy Magazine, accessed February 17, 2026, https://www.astronomy.com/science/the-beginning-to-the-end-of-the-universe-the-big-crunch-vs-the-big-freeze/
Eschatology - Wikipedia, accessed February 17, 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschatology
Results from global collaboration raise questions about future of universe - Harvard Gazette, accessed February 17, 2026, https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2025/03/results-from-global-collaboration-raise-questions-about-future-of-universe/
New DESI Results Strengthen Hints That Dark Energy May Evolve, accessed February 17, 2026, https://newscenter.lbl.gov/2025/03/19/new-desi-results-strengthen-hints-that-dark-energy-may-evolve/
Entropy and the Resurrection | The Institute for Creation Research, accessed February 17, 2026, https://www.icr.org/content/entropy-and-resurrection
Cosmic Finale: How the universe may end, a Quranic indication, accessed February 17, 2026, https://www.alhakam.org/cosmic-finale-how-the-universe-may-end-a-quranic-indication/
The Sermon of the Seven Suns lines up remarkably closely to what current astronomy thinks will happen to the Earth : r/Buddhism - Reddit, accessed February 17, 2026, https://www.reddit.com/r/Buddhism/comments/14qxd1q/the_sermon_of_the_seven_suns_lines_up_remarkably/
Thoughts on "The Seven Suns" Sutta : r/Buddhism - Reddit, accessed February 17, 2026, https://www.reddit.com/r/Buddhism/comments/cbgpgt/thoughts_on_the_seven_suns_sutta/
Seven suns sermon - Dharma Wheel, accessed February 17, 2026, https://www.dharmawheel.net/viewtopic.php?t=19647
Comments
Post a Comment